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CNC creep feed profile grinding machine for steering rack plays a great role in China's automobile industry
Issue date:15/07/2010
Chinamac Journal (CMJ) - Jul 2010 Issue
Source:Chinamac Journal
周哲平 駱廣進 秦煒 範炳忠 姚峻 杭州機床集團
汽車轉向齒條的加工方案有多種,國內生產廠家一般採用插削、銑削和拉削。國外主要加工方法為成形磨削。與其它加工方法相比,成形磨削有其顯著特點,並被越來越多的廠家所廣泛使用。
圖1 汽車轉向齒條
圖1 汽車轉向齒條
轉向齒條:汽車的重要零部件
齒條齒輪轉向系統是轎車、小型貨車普遍使用的一種轉向機構,而汽車轉向齒條是齒條齒輪轉向系統中的關鍵件。

其工作原理簡單,齒條齒輪式齒輪組被包在一個金屬管中,齒條的各個齒端都突出在金屬管外,並用橫拉桿連在一起。一只小齒輪連在轉向軸上,當轉動汽車方向盤,轉向器齒輪轉動,使與之齧合的齒條沿著軸向移動。在齒條各齒端的橫拉桿轉向軸的轉向臂上,通過齒條將方向盤旋轉運動轉化成車輪傳動所需要的線性運動,從而使左右橫拉桿帶動轉向節左右轉動,使轉向車輪實現偏轉而實現汽車轉向。

在齒條齒輪轉向系統中,轉向齒條的精度、齧合度高低非常重要,轉向系統是決定汽車主動安全性的關鍵總成。轉向齒條精度差會造成轉向不靈敏、操縱不穩,需大幅轉動方向盤,不僅影響汽車的操作宜人性,甚至會造成轉向系統故障而導致事故。國際上,汽車生產大廠曾出現由於轉向系統問題而召回的事例。

圖2 齒條齒輪轉向系統示意圖

汽車轉向齒條的形狀與加工
轉向齒條可分為直齒條和螺旋齒條,亦可以分為單齒型齒條和變齒型齒條。齒型部分的寬度一般為200mm左右,加工深度在5-10mm。國內目前仍採用把熱處理作為末道工序的工藝流程,齒條的常規加工是在未淬火的材料上磨出齒型,然後淬硬。但國外有些廠家已把磨削優化為末道工序,因為如果在整體淬硬的實體材料上直接磨出全寬度齒型可以明顯提高加工質量和生產效率。

長期以來,我國的汽車行業大多採用插削、銑削或拉削方法進行汽車轉向齒條齒型的加工。從這些工藝的實際應用來看,插削、銑削的精度精度較低,效率一般,而拉削的精度稍好,效率也較高,但是這幾種加工方式的精度和效率都不及強力成形磨削,而且所使用的刀具成本高,加工的柔性較差。由於國內沒有轉向齒成形磨床的生產,從而嚴重制約了汽車工業的發展。

國外,早在上世紀的60、70年代起就廣泛應用了強力成形磨削,德國斯來福臨集團旗下的Blohm、Maegerle公司都有相應的機床,如Blohm公司的PROFIMAT MT、MC系列成形磨床和Maegerle公司的MMS、MGC系列磨床都能進行汽車轉向齒的成形磨削加工。德國ELB公司的MICRO-CUT-A系列磨床、aba公司的POWERLINE CNC成形磨床系列也都能進行轉向齒條的成形磨削。此外,意大利FAVERETTO公司、西班牙達諾巴特公司、日本的岡本公司都能制造相應的能磨削汽車轉向齒的數控強力成形磨床。

汽車轉向齒條齒型最適合用強力成形磨床進行加工,堪稱強力成形磨床最典型的工件。

轉向齒條齒形的磨削工藝
杭機集團將其數控強力成形磨床系列中通用性較好的MKL7150×10數控強力成形磨床成功用於汽車轉向齒條的成形磨削加工。迄今為止,該機床已批量提供給國內近10家汽車零部件制造企業,最多的一家先後購置了8臺MKL7150數控強力成形磨床。

該機床採用臺式金剛滾輪修整器或者臺式金剛碟形應用Y、Z軸聯動實現成形修整的方法,在最大厚度為240mm的砂輪上修整出齒條齒形輪廓。通過採用緩進給強力深切成形的方式,在砂輪的全寬度上磨削出整體的齒形。轉向齒條採用五工位液壓夾具夾緊,一次裝夾5件(見圖3 )。

圖3 五工位液壓夾具

該機床採用西門子840D數控系統,在磨削過程中,除工件裝卸外,均可執行數控程序自動完成加工,磨削工作循環是“粗磨–修整砂輪–精磨”,垂直總進給量8mm,直接磨出成形齒,單件加工時間約1.4分鐘。

當然,各個生產廠根據自身的設備、加工批量、生產效率等因素採用不同的加工工藝。如機床經過國內荊州恆隆等汽車零部件生產廠的實際生產驗証,使用情況很好。該公司所購置的幾臺MKL7150數控強力成形磨床基本處於24小時連續工作的狀態。現在,該公司為了充分利用原有的生產設備,同時節約加工費用,也為了進一步提高加工效率,由原來的粗磨、精磨分兩刀進行,改成在上磨床進行成形磨削之前,用銑床在工件上先銑出一個頂面,再上MKL7150數控強力成形磨床磨一刀就下料了,每臺機床每天的產量在1000件左右。

需說明一點,MKL7150數控強力成形磨床也完全可以和國外機床媲美,在淬硬的實體材料上直接磨出轉向齒條的齒型輪廓。只是因為國內仍沿用將熱處理工序作為末道工序—可能這種工藝仍適合目前的生產實踐。以後,如有用戶要求採用這種工藝,MKL7150數控強力成形磨床完全可以勝任。而這款數控強力成形磨床除了用於汽車轉向齒條,還能用於汽車轉向搖臂軸扇形齒的成形磨削。汽車轉向搖臂軸扇形齒的齒部模數為8~10m,一般加工工藝是齒形滾削或插削後滲碳淬火,較先進的工藝是淬火後採用成形磨齒以提高齒形精度和降低粗糙度並延長使用壽命。扇形齒的成形磨削是根據變齒厚直齒的齧合原理而成的。

MKL7150數控強力成形磨床
該磨床結構先進,屬國內首創,其橫向導軌置於立柱中部兩側,X、Y、Z三軸導軌具有先進的結構性和工藝性,進給靈敏,加工精度高。其可採用多種成形修整技術,如臺面金剛滾輪修整、金剛筆通過X、Y兩軸聯動修整或採用國際先進的盤形修整技術,修整成形精度高。機床縱向有快速進給功能,可實現普通平磨的往復式磨削。磨削區域採用全封閉式結構,同時貫徹強制性安全標准,採標先進,操作宜人性好。值得一提的是,杭機在為用戶提供加工設備的同時,還在深入研究用戶工藝後將可靠的工藝一起配套提供給用戶。

針對汽車轉向齒條磨削寬度在200mm、切深在5-10mm,且材料是實體的實際情況,MKL7150×10磨床系列中專用於汽車轉向齒條磨削機床的磨頭主軸電機功率高達77KW,是該系列機床中較大的一個品種。砂輪寬度最大可達240mm,為目前國內最寬。砂輪全寬度磨削切深最大為8mm,可實現高效率的超寬砂輪、超大功率主軸大切深強力成形磨削,掌握這項先進技術的企業在國際上也為數不多。


汽車工業發展對數控強力成形磨有更大需求
預計2020年,我國的汽車產量將可達1800萬輛,國家要求屆時汽車制造所需高端數控機床有80%來自國內。對比目前我國製造汽車零部件的主機在品種和水平方面尚不能滿足需要的現狀,無疑為機床行業的發展提供了難得機會。有關專家認為,今後10年正是我國發展國產汽車裝備的最佳和最後戰略機遇期。

為此,我國機床製造商有必要面向汽車工業提供更多的數控強力成形磨床,全力拓展該類機床的應用領域,繼續尋找適合強力成形磨床加工的工件。而對於汽車用戶而言,像汽車轉向齒條這類在技術上實際上已經相當成熟的磨床,其制造水平以及成熟的加工工藝基本上與國外著名生產廠的同類產品已是不相上下。因此,筆者以為,國內汽車零部件廠都可以放心採用,而不必再局限於進口昂貴的機床。■
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