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Change in railway wheel machining process
Issue date:15/07/2010
Chinamac Journal (CMJ) - Jul 2010 Issue
Source:Chinamac Journal
供稿:舒勒集團
特定的工作條件要求鐵路車輪必須具有相應的應對性能,而由於傳統的鐵路車輪制造工藝過程復雜,在材料和效率方面的浪費嚴重,已越來越不能適應當前的發展新需求。能夠節省材料、保証質量和提升效率的新工藝必將成為鐵路車輪制造商的寵兒。
鐵路車輪製造的要求日益攀升
鐵路車輪製造的要求日益攀升
鐵路投資加大 鐵路車輪需求走強
目前,全球鐵路基礎設施快速發展,部分地區的步伐較快,包括許多歐洲工業發達國家也正普遍在鐵路網絡建設方面實施大手筆投入。顯而易見,這有助於驅動鐵路行業的經濟發展。

隨着鐵路運輸的增長,對車輪的需求數量也出現了強勢增長,特別是鐵路車輪在運行中受磨損程度頗高。西班牙鐵路機車制造商Contrucciones Y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles(CAF)公司快速響應這一趨勢,並用功能更強的新型車輪制造機械取代了既有設備。在其位於西班牙貝阿薩因(Beasain)的工廠,CAF公司從舒勒(Schuler)SMG公司購置的用於鐵路車輪衝孔和碟壓加工的5000噸車輪輪輻壓彎機已於近期投產。該設備讓全自動化和高度現代化的生產過程真正得以實現。

在極端重壓下,鐵路車輪必須應對高負荷、緊急轉彎、強大的加速度和緊急制動等狀況。舒勒SMG公司鍛造事業部負責人Walter Osen博士表示:“車輪將巨大動力傳導到鐵軌上的同時,必須承受永久性的高負荷。由於制動造成不均勻磨損,車輪必須經常修整,以確保一直處於圓形狀態。除了正常磨損之外,再修整作業也會大幅度縮短車輪的使用壽命。”

新工藝簡化生產流程
舒勒SMG公司用於鐵路車輪預成型的10,000噸新型壓機已在CAF工廠運行了近一年時間。在兩步式作業中,該機將圓柱形鋼塊鑄成預成型的工件,然後將其在車輪滾軋機上滾軋。Walter Osen博士介紹道:“直到最近,對預成型工件的衝孔和碟壓這一後續生產步驟都是由一臺比較舊的機器上完成的。目前,新型5000噸強大的衝壓機成功地取而代之。”據介紹,新型碟壓機的附加值在於,整條鑄造線現在能夠全自動運行。而隨著壓力的增強,鑄件的誤差也進一步得到降低。這樣,重量的節省相當可觀,鐵路車輪生產商的利潤空間得以提升。

碟壓和衝孔更簡便

現在,鐵路車輪生產的多個步驟現在可通過滑動裝置的一個單衝程動作來完成。壓機同時磨削滾軋後車輪的輪緣,對其進行尺寸校准,並對輪轂進行衝孔。Walter Osen博士解釋說:“在此基礎上,碟壓就是將內輪盤由對稱外形變成非對稱外形,同時,輪轂向軸的方向抵消。在原有機型上,這一過程及衝孔需要分兩步完成。而使用新機器,在全自動化過程中上述兩個步驟一步即可完成。”

5000噸碟壓機,滑動裝置內配有衝孔功能,底座內配有頂出機構。

值得一提的是,該機配有一體化衝孔氣缸,用於衝孔加工。衝孔機以1,000公噸的壓力刺穿車輪。碟壓和衝孔完成後,底座上的液壓頂出機構將車輪從模具中推出,並將其提升至一個精確的程控傳送高度,便於機械手傳送。

Walter Osen博士自信地表示:“這一解決方案為CAF公司提供了技術先進的自動化生產線。”同時,該機還配有模具更換系統:需要更換時,模具在壓機中閉合,用於固定模具的液壓夾具和衝壓機自動松開,模具更換車接住模具,並將其送至旁邊事先准備好的工作臺上。採用相同步驟,逆轉裝載和夾緊新的模具。該機帶有一個便於操作的控制系統,便於機器操作者編程和控制生產線。

新工藝適合加工多種鐵路車輪
CAF公司安裝的舒勒碟壓機配有多套模具。因而該生產線可用於制造各種車輪,包括電車車輪、本地運輸火車車輪、貨運和高速列車車輪。碟壓機上鑄造的車輪直徑範圍為600-1400毫米。Walter Osen博士強調說:“無論生產哪一種車輪,這一新型生產系統均可為CAF公司創造巨大利潤。”這不僅是因為新型生產線縮減了生產工步,具有更高的壓力,並且其優化了模具配置,可從整體上令生產效率和部件質量雙雙提升。正基於此,Walter Osen博士總結說:“現在,CAF公司已為鐵路車輪方面的產能增長及未來發展做好了准備。” ■
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