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Radiation of resin bond diamond grinding tool
Issue date:15/07/2010
Chinamac Journal (CMJ) - Jul 2010 Issue
Source:Chinamac Journal
羅伯誠 四川大學720研究所 教育部輻射物理及技術重點實驗室 羅林 超硬材料實驗室
低碳、綠色經濟的時代對各種先進工具的需求與日俱增。可以預期,強散熱型樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具的推廣、應用將隨之進入一個蘊含發展機遇的高峰期。
表1 部分磨料的物理力學性能
表1 部分磨料的物理力學性能
磨削加工是極為重要的一種機械加工方式,其加工量約佔機加工總量的30%以上。現代加工對加工件的表面質量提出很高要求,這包括加工件的高精度、低表面粗糙度值,低殘餘應力以及低的硬化層等。這催化了超硬磨料磨具和CNC數控磨床的推廣,加快了高速、高效、高精度磨削工藝的發展。表1顯示了部分磨料的物理力學性能的對照。

超硬材料(金剛石、立方氮化硼等)磨具是性能極其優異的先進工具。依照不同磨削要求,它們分為不同的結合劑類型,主要是樹脂、金屬、陶瓷和電鍍四種。在這些各異的金剛石磨具中,以各種樹脂作為結合劑的金剛石磨具佔據了絕大比例。表2顯示出了這種比例關系。

樹脂金剛石磨具獨具特色
1.優勢明顯
截至2009年,我國在國內外巿場上有一定影響的樹脂金剛石磨具生產企業已有300家左右。目前,國內外用於磨具(含普通磨具和超硬材料磨具)結合劑的樹脂或改性樹脂種類有數十種之多,如:酚醛樹脂、三聚氰胺樹脂、聚醯亞胺樹脂、環氧樹脂、糠醛樹脂、新酚樹脂、脲醛樹脂、聚乙烯醇縮醛樹脂、聚脂樹脂、聚碸樹脂、硼酚醛樹脂等。而其中用量最多、應用範圍最廣的則屬酚醛樹脂。

表2 部分國家或國家集團中不同結合劑金剛石磨具的比例(%)

相比生產金屬結合劑或陶瓷結合劑的金剛石磨具,樹脂結合劑磨具生產具有以下明顯優點:1)原材料價廉易得;2)起步投資不高;3)操作不繁複,生產周期較短;4)生產過程能耗較低。

樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具既可用於要求磨削效率高、表面粗糙度低的加工場合,也能用於要求較低的加工場合,即在半精磨、精磨和拋光磨削領域都能找到其用武之地。金剛石粒度與加工表面粗糙度的對應關系參見表3(見P19)。

樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具的加工材質對象非常廣泛,全球80%以上的硬質合金工件需要利用它來加工。而且,半導體材料、新能源晶體材料、鐵氧體材料、建築陶瓷材料、工程陶瓷材料、功能陶瓷材料、玻璃材料、耐火材料、電碳材料、有色金屬材料,高淬硬金屬材料,以及天然與人造石材等,均可用樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具進行加工。

如採用含B金剛石或經表面改性處理的金剛石作為磨粒,樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具還能夠對黑色金屬、耐熱合金等進行加工。正因為其性能優異、廣譜適用,傳統SiC、Al2O3系列磨具的應用領域才逐漸被其侵蝕、取代、超越。

表3 金剛石硬度與加工表面粗糙度的關系

2.過高溫度應用場合的局限
不過,事物總有其兩面性,作為有機材料的樹脂,其性能也具有明顯的不足:難以在過高溫度條件下使用。以最常用的酚醛樹脂為例,其安全工作溫度低於120℃,溫度高於236℃即開始分解,高於300℃則會碳化。即便採用耐熱性能較好的聚醯亞胺作結合劑,也只能在260℃以下方可正常工作。

通常,磨削時磨削能為20-60J/mm3,磨削能在工件表層產生的溫度可用下式表達:


式中:C—熱容;VW—工件速度;ap—磨深;f—進給量;Vs—砂輪速度

磨削測試表明,即使採用0.02mm的磨削進給量,在磨具前端與加工工件的接觸點也會產生400℃以上的高溫,幹磨條件下該區域的局部溫度甚至可能高達上千度。
這足以造成酚醛樹脂的分解、碳化,導致樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具出現龜裂、崩落、喪失對金剛石磨粒的把持作用,使金剛石磨粒過早脫落。這種比例可達到金剛石顆粒總量的40%以上,嚴重影響磨具使用壽命。

再者,磨削產生的高溫還會燒蝕被磨工件表面,產生微細裂紋。在工件使用過程中,由於應力集中,很可能在裂紋處產生斷裂,直接影響加工質量及工件壽命,存在危及人員、設備的安全隱患。第三,磨削產生的高溫還可能引起工件表層局部金相組織的改變。以淬火鋼為例,溫度高於650℃時,其金相組織將由馬氏體向奧氏體轉變,事實上影響了工件的使用性能。現代磨削慣常用的高速度、大磨削用量、重負荷磨削工藝,對於傳統樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具而言就更加難以勝任。

3.如何有效克服耐熱性的局限
長期以來,對於如何才能提高樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具的耐熱性,使其能在較高的溫度條件下正常工作,揚長避短,一直是令業界困擾的問題。

不少人嘗試從提高樹脂本身的耐熱性能入手,試圖通過新型樹脂的合成或對樹脂改性的研究方面尋求突破,也取得了一定進展。但作為有機材料家族成員的樹脂本身,其理化性能決定它的耐熱度提升空間很有限。我們只需看看聚苯硫醚(PPS)的耐熱溫度上限為400℃、聚苯亞噻唑也只能耐受500℃的事實就明白了。還有一些人在樹脂結合劑的金屬粉料配方組元中做文章,希望通過增加導熱性能好的Cu粉之類的金屬成分比例,達到迅速將磨削熱由“金屬橋”外傳的效果。姑且不論這種“橋”的有效性如何,金屬粉料的增加不僅會使配方成本明顯增加,還會改變樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具的組織硬度,必然對其鋒利度和自銳性造成負面影響。

筆者嘗試另闢蹊徑。基於一些物質在相變時會吸收大量熱能的特性,利用樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具配方組元變化使樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具獲得“自散熱”性能。經過試驗和篩選,確實取得了提高其散熱性能方面的突破,並取得了國家發明專利:《強散熱型樹脂金剛石磨具》(專利號:ZL01129089.7 國際專利主分類號:CO8J 5/14)。

利用該發明專利生產的樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具在磨削時始終保持良好工作狀態,相比傳統樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具的優點十分突出:

磨削鋒利,使用時不堵塞,噪音少;

(2)磨具工作層在工作時無裂紋、“脫環”(即金剛石工作層與金屬基體在磨削熱作用下相互分離)等現象發生;

(3)工件表層無裂紋、燒蝕或金相組織的改變;

(4)磨具工作層強度高,可以承受比傳統樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具大10倍以上的磨削進給量;

(5)磨具工作層耐磨損,比同規格、粒度、濃度的傳統樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具使用壽命高20%以上;

磨加工相同工件,磨削成本比同規格、粒度、濃度的傳統樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具低15%以上。

筆者曾在瑞士Ewag公司制造的奧利康磨床上作磨削對比試驗。工件材質YG6X在Vs=20m/s-25m/s和ap=0.01mm-0.4mm條件下,傳統樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具迅速燒蝕,喪失磨削能力,而強散熱型樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具卻表現優異。磨床操作人員評價其“切力強,始終鋒利”。在另一實驗中對Th-W合金的磨削對比試驗,也以強散熱型樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具的完勝告終。類似例子還有不少。

筆者相信,隨着人類社會發展加速邁入低碳、綠色經濟時代,對各種先進工具的需求與日俱增,強散熱型樹脂結合劑金剛石磨具的推廣、應用也將進入一個蘊含發展機遇的高峰期。 ■
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