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Application of slim ball-screw assisted bracing system
Issue date:12/07/2010
Chinamac Journal (CMJ) - Jul 2010 Issue
Source:Chinamac Journal
金鳳芳 黃春韶 杭州機床集團
隨着機床行業的快速發展,成形精密數控機床層出不窮,高速滾珠絲槓作為數控機床的主要傳動部件,亟待解決的問題值得我們深入探討。
圖1 絲杠輔助支撐機構
圖1 絲杠輔助支撐機構
近年來,成形精密數控機床的層出不窮令業界矚目,而高速滾珠絲槓作為數控機床的主要傳動部件,不可否認的仍有一些問題需要解決:安裝直線度問題(撓度問題)、長絲槓的轉動慣量問題、運動噪音問題等。

增大絲杠直徑及加大裝配時的預緊力固然能解決絲杠的撓度問題及在運轉過程中所產生的顫動問題,但隨之帶來的是,增大絲杠直徑必然使絲杠的轉動慣量急劇變大,以致無法與驅動電機及減速器相匹配;加大裝配預緊力又將會降低絲杠副及絲杠兩端精密軸承的使用壽命,且運動噪音也隨之增大,其運動精度也將受到嚴重影響。

為解決以上問題,杭州機床集團研究開發了一套集機電液於一體的滾珠絲槓雙柔性輔助支撐系統。該系統主要用於細長絲槓的在線支撐,採用彈簧柔性支撐液壓快速驅動支撐座向下運動,以使往復運動的螺母順利通過的形式。其功能是減小細長絲槓靜止或運動時的撓度,以保証機床工作狀態時的動態精度,同時也降低了運動噪音,提高絲槓的使用壽命。而且,這款滾珠絲槓雙柔性輔助支撐系統具有液壓電氣失靈報警和機械保護功能及較好的安全可靠性,保証支撐座具有較長使用壽命。可以說,此項技術的研發既彌補了國際同類結構的缺陷,也填補了國內空白。

絲杠輔助支撐系統功能結構簡介
圖1顯示出上述絲杠輔助支撐機構的外觀,該系統的功能結構概貌參見圖2(轉P41)。

當一根7米長的滾珠絲槓通過兩端軸承座固定,其靜止時的最大撓度已為50mm,而在快速旋轉運動時的撓度則更大。因此,我們將在螺母的兩端位置各給絲槓增加一套輔助支撐,靜止時將絲槓支撐到撓度為零的位置,工作時滾珠絲槓則是通過伺服電機驅動來實現螺母沿絲槓作快速往復直線運動的。當螺母運動到接近支撐位置時,其整個支撐部件必須快速向下運動,待讓螺母座安全通過之後即刻彈起支撐住絲槓,使其在運動過程中保持零撓度狀態。

輔助支撐座的向下運動是通過液壓系統裝置將液壓壓力油通入液壓油腔,強迫活塞桿帶動支撐座快速向下運動,以保証螺母座的順利通過,待螺母通過後支撐彈簧即自動將支撐座緩慢向上彈起,以保証絲槓不受衝擊被柔性托起。

設計時,根據螺母往復運動速度得出螺母運動的匹配時間及液壓的信號采集來控制支撐座快速上下運動。

失靈保護裝置作用不容小覷
此輔助支撐座系統設計有失靈保護裝置,當電器感應開關或液壓繼電器出現故障或失靈時,整個支撐座就不能通過液壓控制其向下運動。此時可通過安裝在螺母座兩側的導板(如圖2)用機械方式強迫支撐座向下運動,導板通過底部斜面與支撐座兩側滑輪相壓,從而強迫支撐座向下運動。待螺母座通過後,整個支撐座再由彈簧沿著導板底部斜面向上頂起,即用機械方式完成支撐座上下運動,保証螺母座安全通過。

圖2 絲杠輔助支撐系統功能結構簡圖

由於該機床螺母的工作狀態是不間斷的往復運動,且運動速度又快,導板與導板支撐輪間可能會產生很大的衝擊力。為減小衝擊,在導軌及支撐座上特別設計有緩衝接觸結構,但盡管如此,若頻繁使用機械式導板下壓的方式則會影響支撐座及彈簧的使用壽命。因此,整套裝置還設置了油壓監控和繼電器失靈報警信號,便於操作者及時得到相關信息,方便維修。

在輔助支撐座系統的設計過程中,設計者充分考慮了其使用性能及使用壽命,比如其彈簧設計使用壽命便足足達1,000,000次。而且,通過對支撐力的精確計算,保証了絲桿運動及靜止時的撓度接近於零撓度,支撐座與絲桿的接觸採用滾動接觸,輔助支撐座系統的精巧設計則有效保証了接觸緩衝,避免接觸時的衝擊現象對運動副所造成的損傷。

一言概之,所有的精巧設計保証了絲桿運動的動態精度,減小了摩擦,在有效降低運動噪音的同時還提高了使用壽命。該系統中的密封結構採用微自復及可靠密封,即使長期使用之後仍能保持良好密封。

這套集機電液於一體的滾珠絲槓雙輔助支撐系統充分考慮了性能及使用安全可靠性,應用中表現出了其良好的使用性能,達到了設計意圖。目前該系統已隨機床在用戶處正常運作,無任何故障反餽,進一步佐證了其安全性和可靠性。 ■
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