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Production in large series: Complete machining of wheels for high speed trains
Issue date:22/01/2010
Chinamac Journal (CMJ) - Jan 2010 Issue
Source:Chinamac Journal
供稿:德国DVS Group
如今在高速鐵路客運和貨運技術方面,其安全規定之嚴幾乎等同於飛機。在與安全相關的零件中,沒有哪個能夠像火車車輪那樣,在減少單件生產成本和加工工時方面擁有巨大的潛力。而釋放這一潛能的前提條件便是,製造商擁有最適合的、高性能的機床。
高質量的車輪需要高性能機床
高質量的車輪需要高性能機床
德國PITTLER T&S GmbH是一家中等規模的機床製造企業,主要製造單主軸和雙主軸的立式車銑加工中心。過去3年以來尤其在生產特高質量和性能的高速列車的車輪、剎車盤和驅動電機殼體等方面取得了突破。該公司的應用工程師對雙主軸車削加工中心進行了優化,使得在3班制運行的情況下在一臺機床上能年產40,000只車輪。

加工過程中細節無所不在
生產中,為適應高韌性材料而選用比較保守的切削速度,但同時採用超大進給量、使用圓弧刀片,切削截面達約20m㎡。加工結果顯示,達到了極低的單件工時(約12分鐘),與單主軸車削加工中心在恆定轉速、雙刀架同時切削的加工方法相比,可節約超過30%的加工時間。

實際生產中,可將雙主軸車削加工中心作為“加工單元”使用,或是將其集成到生產線中。兩個主軸同時工作,但加工的是兩個不同的工件(雙工位)。

因此可以用恆定的切削速度、在切削時間優化的條件下進行加工。而得益於切削條件始終保持相同,刀具的使用壽命得以延長。根據工件的工藝要求,需兩次裝夾,即工件的每一邊需要一個工序,整體加工都在這一台機床上完成。

自動上料後在主軸慢速旋轉的情況下,自動檢查工件的加工餘量,並考慮到毛坯的動態不平衡性和園跳動。

當批量生產時,由於鍛模的磨損,工件毛坯的加工餘量會有很大波動。檢查後自動調用合適的NC加工程序—這些程序儲存在機床的數控系統內供選用。

然後就開始切削第一道,如果需要就在某些段切削二道,操作者無需人工干預。兩個主軸同時工作,每個主軸上有一個刀具參與切削,用恆定的切削速度,即在優化的、保持相同切削條件情況下進行加工。

自動上卸料的雙主軸車削加工中心單機,年產能力為約40,000只車輪

在高壓且大流量的切削液條件之下進行切削,切削過程中始終以高壓高量衝洗切屑。為了不讓由韌性材料產生的長切屑影響加工,用碎屑機將其切碎後再輸送至排屑器排出。

整體加工所用的刀具裝在一個萬能刀具轉塔裏,使因換刀所損失的時間降到最少(約2秒)。萬能刀架配備有3個車刀接口,並配有一個電主軸用於需要驅動的刀具。刀具由動力夾緊,且磨損後可自動從刀庫裏更換。取決於磨損狀況的換刀動作是在更換工件時進行(上、卸工件),這樣就沒有任何時間損失。

實時監控:加工過程盡在掌握
在加工區域上方裝有一個攝像機,監視切削過程。可以在控制屏幕上觀測,如果是生產綫則通過中央控制臺觀測。同時,對切削力進行監控,一旦發現刀刃磨損過度或斷裂就及時中斷切削過程並更換相應的刀刃。當刀刃斷裂時也是從刀庫裏換刀,但在操作者監視下,操作者應判斷刀刃斷裂的原因並採取相應對策。

加工單元由一個集成在拖板上的裝載機構裝卸工件。物流(車輪的進、出)由一個穿梭機穿過機床的基體完成。根據客戶要求,該穿梭機可以在機床的前面或後面裝卸工件,工件的翻轉動作則在機床外部自動完成,即在穿梭機上有3個工件位置:1個用於毛坯,1個用於已翻轉的工件,1個用於成品件。

在生產線(由2至3台機床組成)上,工件裝卸由線性龍門式裝卸機構自動完成。兩個互相獨立的滑車各有一個動力抓手用於抓取不同直徑的工件(可編程),它們在防碰範圍內運動,使得滑車的向下綫性運動保持在安全區域內。因此該設備範圍內可以走人,不受限制,每台機床的加工過程也能被視像監控,新刀具也可被換入刀庫內。

一條由2 x 3 臺機床組成的生產綫能年產約240,000只車輪

卸工件時,上述抓手可在切屑槽上方翻轉,以便清理工件上的切屑和冷却液。先由2號滑車卸下2號主軸上的工件,清理循環在兩個主軸之間進行,然後該滑車離開機床範圍,而此時1號主軸還在加工。隨後,1號滑車從上面進入1號加工區域,卸下工件並駛向兩個主軸之間的清理循環,同時翻轉工件,將清理好的工件放到2號主軸的卡盤上。

然後,1號滑車抓取1件已準備在機床旁的工件毛坯,將其裝載到1號主軸上。於是,加工循環又從檢查加工餘量開始。每次車削過程結束後,刀架將電主軸轉入以加工壓孔和緊固裝配孔。萬能刀架能旋轉至所需角度。所需的各種鑽頭都能從刀庫自動換入到電主軸中。加工完畢後工件在一個機床外部的激光刻錄機上打標,刻上所有的重要數據,令車輪的加工路徑有據可查。

通常,一套自動設備由3台機床組成,並排地放置相同的兩套。兩套設備可由一個操作者操作,一台帶多個顯示器的中央操作臺供其使用。運行過程中,操作者只需照看磨損刀具的更換。而工件毛坯和成品件的輸送由廠房內的天車(操作者可控)完成。 ■
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