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Application of high-efficiency cutter in machining automotive gearbox
Issue date:04/11/2009
Chinamac Journal (CMJ) - Nov 2009 Issue
Source:Chinamac Journal
殷建新 張濤 上海瑪帕貿易有限公司
汽車零部件加工中,變速箱的加工難度高,且加工過程極其為復雜,因此其對刀具也提出了更為特殊的要求。而高效PCD刀具和導條式精加工刀具的出現可謂“生逢其時”。
當今中國汽車業的空前發展,推動汽車零部件制造技術邁向高速、高精度加工的方向,有力促進了高效精密刀具的廣泛應用。

在加工汽車變速箱時,其殼體上的主要生產任務包括軸擋和軸承孔。這兩項任務必須能夠在形狀、位置、表面光潔度和孔徑方面滿足設計上的生產要求,而這些孔,又部分地被缺口和油槽所隔斷。

通常,多台階孔要求同軸度◎≦0.02、圓柱度≦0.01,部分孔徑還有嚴格的CPK要求。不僅如此,適應汽車製造規模化、大批量生產的要求也是一道必須跨越的難題。

變速箱殼體加工中高效刀具的選擇與應用
不同類型的變速箱殼體,需要不同的刀具。

這要求刀具廠商能夠提供全系列的產品,無論是用於粗加工和精密加工的具有固定刀刃的刀具,還是高精密調節的精密鏜孔刀具—而且,不僅是產品,還需要為每一種加工任務提供解決方案。

實際上,要想充分滿足變速箱殼體的加工特點要求,傳統加工方法是很難實現的。下文將結合實際產品,闡述MAPAL高效的PCD刀具和導條式精加工刀具所提供的可靠而精確的解決方案—這已經在國內外的實戰項目中得到了驗証。

1.對變速箱結合面的粗、精加工
MAPAL的PCD面銑刀在此方面加工上特色獨具,擁有焊接式和刀夾式兩種刀體。

由於採用了獨特設計,刀具能達到很高的切削速度和較長使用壽命,有效縮短了加工時間。而針對特定的表面粗糙度的要求,可選用不同的刀夾,其中,修光刃刀夾特別適用於高表面粗糙度要求的加工。

2.對變速箱孔系的加工
在對汽車變速箱孔系進行加工時,可廣泛使用PCD復合刀具。由於復合刀具一次可完成4個工序的加工,集中工序的同時也利於減少換刀時間。

圖1 一次完成內外徑九個工序的精加工

(1) 對端面和大孔的粗加工,以及內外徑的精加工
對端面和大孔進行粗加工時,同樣可以採用一把刀具完成。

若採用插補銑加工,一把刀可以完成九個工序的加工,切削用量:主軸轉速n=24,000rpm,進給F=9,600mm/min。

而對於內外徑,亦可以一次完成其九個工序的精加工,如圖1所示。由於刀片可以精密調整,因此能夠重復滿足尺寸間形位公差及CPK的要求。

(2) 階梯孔加工
由於刀具採用特殊輕質材料制造,可用來完成殼體整個階梯孔的加工。

原來:精加工參數Vc=60m/min,Vf=100mm/min,加工時間70sec;

現在:精加工參數Vc=700m/min,Vf=800 mm/min,加工時間8sec。

圖2 精密導條式刀具

可以看到,加工時間足足降低了88%。

而對於兩端同軸度要求較高的階梯孔系,只有從一端加工才能保証加工質量。加工時,可採用圖2所示的精密導條式刀具來實現。

由於MAPAL導條刀具的刀具跳動控制能力出色,並且能夠以1μ的級數進行直徑調整,同時其圓度、同軸度及圓柱度也達到最優化,能夠幫助實現最佳的加工精度。

(3) 深孔加工
為進一步提高加工節拍,在國內某客戶加工D17M7深孔時,MAPL採用焊接PCD的HPR可換頭六刃鉸刀,Vc=300m/min,f=0.6,圓度可以達到2μm,加工質量非常穩定。

加工實驗和實戰加工已經驗證,MAPAL HPR能夠採用很高切削速度和進給,而且,得益於其模塊化設計,能夠最大限度地提供通用性。

其應用範圍亦非常寬廣,從Φ3mm-300mm。不僅可以通過簡單的方式實現更換,而且,通過錐面及端面的切削力和扭矩傳遞能力相當高,同時端面接觸的模式也助於保証其高剛性。

值得一提的是,MAPAL HPR採用簡單直接的冷卻液供應,同樣適用於微量潤滑系統。即使是在長期使用之後,它亦能很容易地松開。

(4) 特殊孔加工
對斷續且與其他孔有較高同軸度要求的孔加工,MAPAL採用導條式結構,首先加工D21G7孔,同時導條支撐在孔中,然後再加工D92H7斷續孔,保証了兩個孔的同軸度、圓柱度要求。

實踐証明, MAPAL提供的最佳的刀具設計方案和精密的刀具產品,能夠可靠而又精確地實現對於包括變速箱殼體在內的箱體類零件的完整加工,化解加工過程中遇到的難題。
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