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Experimental research on cutting performance of new-type ultra-hard tooling material - carbon nitride
Issue date:04/11/2009
Chinamac Journal (CMJ) - Nov 2009 Issue
Source:Chinamac Journal
于啟勛 北京理工大学
近年來,一種新型超硬刀具材料氮化碳(CNx)逐步發展起來,將CNx薄膜沉積在刀具表面上,可獲得使用壽命的延長和切削性能的提升。本文結合針對塗層刀具的實驗數據,驗證這一工藝的美好應用前景。
在機械製造中,刀具材料對刀具切削性能和加工效率與質量,具有決定性的作用。計算機集成先進加工系統的出現,各種難加工材料在不同行業的應用,高速切削和高效切削以及精密加工、綠色制造的不斷向前發展,對刀具特別是對刀具材料提出了全新的更高的要求。

自20世紀中期以後,工程材料中不斷出現和應用難加工金屬和非金屬材料。原用的刀具,如高速鋼、硬質合金刀具等難以勝任其加工要求,於是超硬刀具材料便應運而生。

最早的超硬刀具材料只有金剛石和立方氮化硼(PCBN)兩種。人類從使用天然金剛石開始,後來研制成功人造金剛石和立方氮化硼,這兩種材料雖然已得到廣泛應用,但因其價格很高,成型和加工都頗為困難,加上金剛石刀具不能加工黑色金屬,應用推廣受到限制。

新型刀具材料CNx
近年來出現了一種新型刀具材料氮化碳。美國物理學家A.M.Lin和M.L.Cohen用分子工程理論,設計出新型超硬無機化合物CNx。根據體彈模量的計算,這種化合物可以達到接近甚至超過氮化硼和金剛石的硬度。

利用de反應磁控濺射工藝,國內外的物理和材料科技人員能在不同的基體材料上沉積出CNx超硬薄膜。這種薄膜具有高硬度、高耐磨、低摩擦和強導熱等性質,而且不與黑色金屬產生化學反應。

1. CNx薄膜的機械性能
國內物理學家在高速鋼刀具和硬質合金刀具上沉積CNx薄膜,其表面顯微硬度經測量為4000∼7200HV。可見其硬度已達到立方氮化硼的硬度,但稍低於人造金剛石的硬度。也有人曾用划痕法測量過CNx薄膜塗層的附着力,驗証其達到了JB/T8365標准規定。

2. CNx表面塗層刀具的實驗
(1)CNx表面塗層高速鋼刀具的鑽削實驗
筆者用直徑Φ10.5mm的M2(W6Mo5Cr4V2)高速鋼麻花鑽,進行CNx表面塗層,塗層厚度3∼5μm。用塗層前後的相同鑽頭在38CrNi3MoVA(經過調質,硬度為36∼40HRC)高強度鋼上鑽孔,孔深為12mm。

圖1 CNx塗層、TiN塗層與未塗層鑽頭的磨損曲線對比

切削用量:進給量f=0.13mm/r,轉速n=600r/min,切削速度v=19.8m/min;不加切削液。這樣的工況下,每鑽一個孔約耗時9.6s,刀具磨損值VB在鑽頭最大直徑處的後刀面上測量。同時,為了進行不同塗層的對比,筆者又用常規的PVD工藝制成的TiN表面塗層的M2高速鋼麻花鑽,與上述麻花鑽一並進行鑽孔實驗。鑽孔實驗結果如圖1所示。

由圖1可見,如用0.3mm後刀面磨損量為磨鈍標准,則CNx塗層鑽頭可鑽48個孔,約為未塗層鑽頭的8倍、TiN塗層鑽頭的2倍。可見,CNx塗層對提高耐磨性的效果非常顯著。TiN塗層鑽頭的鑽孔數為24個。未塗層M2鑽頭的鑽孔數為6個。

(2)CNx表面塗層硬質合金刀片的車削實驗
1.筆者用K30硬質合金刀片為基體,塗覆CNx薄膜,車削T12A淬硬工具鋼(硬度61HRC)。將其與未塗層的K30刀片進行對比,參加對比的還有立方氮化硼(PCBN)車刀。

切削用量:切削深度ap=0.5mm,進給量f=0.1mm/r,切削速度v=60m/min。

刀具几何參數:前角γo=0°,後角αo=8°,主偏角κr=90°,刃傾角λS=-4°,刀尖圓孤半徑rε=0.8mm。

三種刀具(片)的磨損曲線見圖2。可見,未塗層的K30硬質合金刀片車削淬硬工具鋼,僅僅3min時,後刀面磨損量VB即達0.3mm。CNx塗層刀片當VB達0.3mm時,切削時間達15min。

圖2 CNx塗層刀片、PCBN刀具與未塗層K30刀片的磨損曲線對比

而PCBN車刀切削20min,VB方為0.2mm。預計PCBN車刀的使用壽命可超過30min。

2.又用P20硬質合金刀片為基體,塗覆CNx薄膜,車削60Si2Mn高強度鋼(調質,硬度40HRC)。與未塗層的P20刀片進行對比。參加對比的還有用CVD工藝制成的TiC表面塗層的硬質合金刀片,稱為YBo2。

切削用量:切削深度ap=1mm,進給量f=0.15mm/r,切削速度v=150m/min。

刀具几何參數:前角γo=4°,後角αo=8°,主偏角κr=45°,刃傾角λs=-4°,刀尖圓孤半徑rε=0.8mm。

磨損曲線對比見圖3。

圖3 CNx塗層刀片、YBo2塗層刀片與未塗層P20刀片的磨損曲線對比

由圖3可見,取磨鈍標准為VB=0.3mm,未塗層P20刀片的切削時間僅約為10min;YBo2刀片的切削時間約為30min,是P20的3倍。CNx塗層刀片切削30min後,VB僅為0.15mm;估計VB達0.3mm時,切削時間可達40min。

分析與討論
從以上的實驗研究可以看出,CNx塗層刀具的硬度能達到PCBN的水平並接近於金剛石,切削效果顯著,其使用壽命大大高於未塗層的高速鋼刀具和硬質合金刀具,也高於TiN、TiC塗層刀具。且CNx與黑色金屬之間呈惰性,不起化學作用。同時,C和N資源豐富,不存在資源匱乏的問題。由此分析,CNx塗層刀具大有發展前途和應用前景。

但是,值得特別提請注意的是,鑒於CNx塗層刀具的基礎工作尚做得不夠,必須認真對待以下各方面:

(1)應實施CNx的機械、物理性能的全面測試工作,如密度、導熱系數、強度、彈性模量以及衝擊值的測試等等。

(2)高速鋼鑽頭經CNx塗層,取得了顯著的切削效果。且巿售的磨制鑽頭,即可用以塗層,不需另行精化。其它高速鋼刀具,如車刀、銑刀、絲錐、齒輪滾刀和插齒刀等,有待逐一塗覆CNx,進行實驗,以充分考察其切削效果。

(3)除了車刀以外,還應在其它硬質合金刀具(如銑刀,特別是整體硬質合金鑽頭和立銑刀等)上塗覆CNx,進行切削實驗。

(4)作為基體,有待研究各種硬質合金與CNx塗層之間的結合力,從而優選出最好的硬質合金基體材料。同時,還應研究CNx塗層硬質合金刀具的塗前處理。

(5)當今,各種新的塗層方法和塗層材料品種相繼出現,如TiAlN、TiCrN、Al2O3及其多層塗覆,也有待與CNx塗層刀具實施對比,進一步確定CNx塗層的使用價值。

(6)探討生成CNx厚膜的可能性。

總之,在做好CNx塗層刀具的基礎工作之後進行推廣應用,如果貪圖急功近利,則往往只能“欲速則不達”。 ■
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