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How to reduce production cost for aerial hydraulic body parts?
Issue date:15/09/2009
Chinamac Journal (CMJ) - Sep 2009 Issue
Source:Chinamac Journal
戈和偉 海軍駐西安地區航空軍事代表室
航空液壓殼體類零件因為其結構的複雜性和加工的高精度,對原有模式下降低加工成本造成了很大的障礙。能否實現產品設計、工藝、製造的信息資源分享,達到工藝和編程並行運作,對企業在此方面能否取得改進起着關鍵作用。
航空液壓殼體類零件通常既有平面又有孔系,各孔系在空間方向交錯貫通,組成孔系的各孔本身有形狀精度的要求,同軸孔系和相鄰孔系之間以及孔系與安裝基準面之間又有位置精度的要求,需要進行鑽、擴、鉸、攻螺紋、鏜、銑、鍃等工序加工,具有工序多、過程複雜的特點,加工週期通常為5~8個月。

在多品種、多批次生產交叉進行的複雜情況下,如何有效的組織生產,優化工藝技術管理方式,充分發揮數字化手段,是殼體類零件高效加工的關鍵。

航空液壓殼體類零件材料與加工特性
航空液壓殼體類零件所用材料通常為鍛造鋁合金LD5、LD10,坯料硬度約為50~60HB,該材料質輕,強度較高,機械加工性能較好。

大多殼體主要是由自由鍛造而成,部分殼體是採用模鍛方式生產,鍛鋁在加工中易產生變形,並且坯料餘量很大,外形最小單邊餘量在1.2mm以上,腔槽部位餘量最大可達10mm之多。

通常,由於坯料的來料狀態導致機械加工中粗加工時間佔全部加工時間的2/3左右,成件的重量僅為毛坯重量的1/3~1/5,機械加工的主要工作基本都是在銑削餘量上(見下圖)。

液壓殼體類零件需要很多銑削類粗加工工作量

殼體類零件製造的並行運作模式
1.共用產品資訊資源,工藝編程並行運作
製造工藝的數字化最重要的是充分利用產品設計圖形和文檔資源的共用,利用企業成功的製造加工工藝經驗,在產品設計時就有工藝人員參與,以保證產品的結構工藝性,統一設計基準和工藝基準,減少零件不必要的加工難度,從而縮短加工週期。

工藝人員在工藝編制過程中直接從PDM平臺調用設計人員的三維模型,使設計與工藝資訊資源共用,同時減少數控編程人員的三維造型時間。這種將產品設計、工藝、製造資源分享的方法,減少了設計、工藝、管理的重複勞動。

產品的三維造型和數控程式的編制過程,能發現工藝中的許多問題,因而能夠在制定零件工藝的早期階段,便實現數控工藝和數控編程同步進行。同時,數控技術工人參與程式的編制,能有效減少錯誤並降低風險。

2.CAD/CAM技術的高水準應用
CAD/CAM技術的應用水平是數字化高效加工技術應用水平的重要因素之一。三維數控加工的工件、夾具和刀具的乾涉面較多,如果採用手工編程工作量非常大,而且容易出現錯誤。

技術人員應一方面通過引用殼體零件的三維整體造型,同時將乾涉面、輔助面、刀具軌跡限制區域等一次全部設計完成,就可以方便地生成刀具軌跡,解決了過去使用CAD/CAM技術時只通過建立線框和曲面造型,並且僅針對需要加工的部位進行自動編程所帶來的弊端和不便。

另一方面要通過合理的CAM編程與造型策略優化刀具軌跡,保證零件的加工質量,提高編程的效率的質量。

3.動態仿真軟件的應用
用CAM軟件編程後,為了驗證程式的正確性,通常採用機床試切的方法,既浪費時間、人力、物力,也難以提高編程效率和保證產品質量。

為達到殼體的複雜性和精度要求並一次性完成零件的數控加工,Vericut動態仿真軟件可提供驗證數控編程刀具軌跡的重要手段。它具有機床、夾具的運動仿真,還能提供各種加工資訊和工藝報表,從而更好地指導生產。

4.工裝管理數字化
由於殼體零件的複雜性,所使用的刀具種類繁多,若採用計算機刀具管理系統,對刀具庫存與需求資訊實行動態管理,便可提高刀具配置效率。在專用刀具的準備方面,5坐標數控刀具刃磨機能大幅提高經濟效益,尤其在新品的加工方面。它不僅可對廢舊刀具進行二次刃磨,還能直接對合金棒進行開刃磨削,自製刀具。殼體零件中大量的特殊刀具都是直接對合金棒進行開刃磨削,縮短了刀具準備的時間。

5.建立數字化加工的工藝規範和標準
數字化加工的規範化、標準化在一定程度上體現了企業自身數控加工技術的水平,通過規範化約束數控加工的多樣化,提高了加工質量。

在典型零件的加工工藝經驗的基礎之上,建立標準化、規範化的數字化加工模板,有助於大幅提高產品的加工效率。對於成熟產品的加工經驗,能夠以模板的形式保存,這既有利於資源的重複利用,也能夠為技術交流提供極大的便利。

結論
航空液壓殼體類零件數字化高效加工的成功實踐,進一步促進了管理的規範化,把技術人員和管理人員從繁雜的工作中解放出來,從而達到提高質量並降低成本的目標。
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