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High-efficiency profile machining for grooves on gas turbine parts
Issue date:15/09/2009
Chinamac Journal (CMJ) - Sep 2009 Issue
Source:Chinamac Journal
本文供稿:山特維克可樂滿
環、盤、軸和機匣—這類燃氣輪機發動機零件一般具有相對複雜的形狀,通常需要在狹窄空間內進行凹槽的仿形車削。寬槽仿形加工在整個切削時間中所佔比重較大,專用於此領域的最新刀具技術也因此成為人們關注的對象。
環、盤、軸和機匣—這類燃氣輪機發動機零件不僅形狀複雜,其材料的可加工性一般也較差。而當前,這些零件的供應商們,無疑正承受著日益增加的成本和交貨期方面的壓力。若想盡可能高效地進行生產以確保自身競爭力,就必須站在機加工技術發展的前列。

高切削力、高切削溫度和較強的溝槽磨損趨勢,對高效切削加工和切削刃提出了很高要求,為此專門開發的刀具和加工工藝也隨之加速進入了人們的視野。而千變萬化的加工要求,也會令各具特色的刀具找到其用武之地。

出於強度考慮,燃氣輪機零件的大多數內外槽形總帶有圓弧面和一些複雜曲面。為了加工寬槽或凹窩,大小合適的可轉位圓刀片就成為首選解決方案。

幾乎所有刀片都有刀尖圓弧半徑,對於圓刀片而言,可以說其整個切削刃均以刀尖圓弧半徑的形式存在。它們可以是用在普通車刀上的用螺釘夾緊的真正的圓刀片,也可是用在切槽刀板上的有圓弧刃口的切槽刀片,或是非標的彎頭圓弧頭刀片以獲得最大的刀具可達性。對於上述這些類型的圓刀片,其尺寸選擇往往需考慮工件的輪廓半徑,以便獲得最佳的刀具切削路徑。

要求苛刻的切削
在加工由難加工材料(如耐熱超級合金或鈦合金)構成的燃氣輪機零件時,一定要謹慎選擇刀具、切削參數和走刀路徑。

就目前情況來看,仿形加工這些零件上的凹槽時,值得優化的地方很多,從而進一步縮短加工時間,確保加工過程的安全性以及零件質量的一致性,並由此降低廢品率。在為隨後的粗加工或精加工工序選擇最先進最合適的圓(刀片)刀具後,接下來就是優化切削參數,此舉是為了控制切削熱、改善刀具壽命和切屑形成。

使用圓刀片時,確保正確的切屑厚度、切削深度和進給量顯得尤為重要。切削刃的主偏角是確定切屑厚度的關鍵,在加工耐熱合金時起到了至關重要的作用。這對遏制耐熱超級加工時的溝槽磨損,以及鈦合金加工時對長切屑的控制有著重要影響。因此,有必要選擇合理的進給量以便形成足夠厚的切屑,才不會對切削刃產生負面影響。

對硬質合金和陶瓷刀片來說,加工這些材料時具有截然不同的切削速度限制值。對於陶瓷刀片,需要謹慎地平衡所產生的切削熱,也即:足以使工件材料發生塑性變形而形成切屑,但又不可過度以免對刀具材料產生有害影響。對於硬質合金刀片,切削速度受到限制(通常較低)。從生產效率的觀點來看,採用較高的進給量通常是有利的,此時刀具壽命會稍有降低。

典型盤類零件加工所用的圓刀片刀具

圓刀片
圓刀片具有最為堅固的切削刃,且對走刀方向限制較少。對於適合耐熱超級合金切削的陶瓷刀片以及適合此類合金與鈦合金切削的硬質合金刀片,採用圓刀片時,為獲得令人滿意的性能所需的最大切削深度應為刀片直徑(IC)的25%(對應於60度的主偏角),因為過多的切削深度會導致振動趨勢加劇和性能的不穩定。

當切削深度為刀片直徑的15%(對應於45度的主偏角)或更低時,則可獲得最佳性能。採用較小主偏角所形成的切屑較薄,這意味著可降低溝槽磨損的趨勢並有潛力提高進給量。根據相應的推薦值,考慮到合適的最大和最小切屑厚度,切削深度與刀片直徑IC比值介於0.05(對應於26度主偏角)到0.15(對應於45度主偏角)之間時的進給量修正係數為2.3到1.4。

由此可見,使用圓刀片時,切削深度與刀片直徑之比對很多方面都具有相當大的影響,這包括金屬去除率、切削時間、編程可能性、表面質量以及切槽和仿形加工工序的安全性。

對凹槽的車削
排屑是成功的關鍵因素之一。對於鈦合金,通常希望得到切屑寬度小於刀片(凹槽)寬度的較長的螺旋或螺卷屑。鈦合金形成切屑時剪切變形極高,因而較難形成更窄切屑,這需要選擇最合適的刀片槽形和進給量。在所選槽形的工作範圍內,刀具壽命也是確定最佳進給的影響因素之一。

零件需要進行很多寬槽加工,這就意味著有機會通過應用最合適的刀具和走刀路徑來實現對切削過程的優化。毫無疑問,所有凹槽都有側壁。如不採取相應措施,便會導致刀具在切進側壁時發生切削刃吃刀突然過多的不利情況。當切削到底部與側壁過渡圓角時,切削刃會經歷切削深度突然增加的衝擊:其主偏角從低於45度快速增至100度—相應切削深度可以從圓刀片直徑的15%增大到60%。這種衝擊和額外的負載效應會加劇刀具過度磨損的風險,甚至會引起刀片破裂並減少圓刀片的轉位次數。

“滾入”/“滾出”式切入切出
對於使用圓刀片的車削,可採取各種方法對切入工件和底部與側壁過渡圓角部分的加工進行優化。其主要方法是在接近圓角時減小進給量,此舉可降低切削刃上的壓力;另一種方法是結合使用適合於過渡圓角半徑的刀片直徑,使刀片不同時加工側壁和過渡圓角部分,從而大幅度減少切削刃與工件的接觸長度。

擺線車削/向車削

也即,我們的目的是使用尺寸與側壁過渡圓角相適應的圓刀片,以最佳的走刀路徑和進給量,以“滾入”和“滾出”進給的方式加工過渡圓角。過渡圓角半徑與刀片直徑之間的差別越大,進給量的降低就越少,生產效率也會越高。

至於刀具的切削路徑,其編程半徑應該不大於刀片直徑(取決於該工序的性質)。一般來說,應將寬槽加工劃分為若干仿形切削的集合。此舉旨在在最佳進給量下保持合適的切削刃接觸弧長,以獲得較大切削深度。擺線車削具有恒定的走刀迴圈,刀具切削刃與工件接觸弧長相對較小,這種加工方法可以改善切削效果,優勢明顯,能夠很好地替代斜向車削、切入式車削和各種形式的切槽循環。

圓刀片加工領域的進展
如果要歸納圓刀片加工領域的進展,則具體體現在刀片槽形、材質以及編程方法上。專用的刀片材質和槽形對於車削耐熱超級合金來說至關重要。作為陶瓷刀片的補充,最新推出的硬質合金刀片近年來發展迅猛。

SO5F是一種非常先進的硬質合金材質。其高硬度的細晶粒基體加上CVD薄塗層,使其能夠承受更高的切削溫度,耐磨性很好。這意味著,該材質能夠在粗加工和精加工工序中以更高的切削參數進行車削。PVD塗層的硬質合金材質GC1105具有很高的紅硬性,在很寬的切削參數範圍內都能有效避免在鋒利的切削刃上出現塑性變形。

在陶瓷材質方面,裝上賽阿龍(Sialon)陶瓷CC6060的車刀使仿形加工和凹腔加工進一步完善。在更為穩定的加工場合,或工件表面已經預加工的條件下,該材質具有非常強的抗溝槽磨損能力。

再來看槽形,圓刀片和圓弧刃口切槽刀片(如SM和RO)已被開發出來,以優化耐熱超級合金的車削、仿形加工和凹腔加工工序。SM是一種具有更大使用範圍的圓刀片槽形,其輕快的槽形與S05F材質相結合,可使用很高的切削參數。槽形RO用在CoroCut雙頭圓弧刃切槽與仿形刀片上,該槽形具有鋒利的切削刃,當加工耐熱超級合金和其他粘性材料時,在較低的切削深度和進給量下能夠提供良好的切屑控制。
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